Climate and vegetation in Hokkaido, northern Japan, since the LGM: Pollen records from core GH02-1030 off Tokachi in the northwestern Pacific     

Yaeko Igarashi  Masanobu Yamamoto  Ken Ikehara 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(6):78-1110

Vegetation and climate since the LGM in eastern Hokkaido were investigated based on a pollen record from marine core GH02-1030 from off Tokachi in the northwestern Pacific. We also examined pollen spectra in surface samples from Sakhalin to compare and understand the climatic conditions of Hokkaido during the last glacial period. Vegetation in the Tokachi region in the LGM (22–17 ka) was an open boreal forest dominated by Picea and Larix. During the last deglaciation (17–10 ka), vegetation was characterized by abundant Betula. In the Kenbuchi Basin, central Hokkaido, a remarkable increase of Larix and Pinus occurred in the LGM and the last deglaciation, which was assigned as the “Kenbuchi Stadial.” Comparison of climatic data between the core GH02-1030 and that of Kenbuchi Basin demonstrates that variations in temperature and precipitation were larger in inland Hokkaido than in the maritime area of the Pacific coast. During the LGM in the Tokachi region, the August mean temperature was about 5 °C lower, and annual precipitation was about 40% lower than today. In the Kenbuchi Basin, central Hokkaido, the August mean temperature was about 8 °C lower, and annual precipitation was half that of today. During the last deglaciation, August mean temperatures were about 3 °C lower, and annual precipitation was about 30% lower than today in the Tokachi region. In the Kenbuchi Basin, August mean temperatures were about 5–8 °C lower, and annual precipitation was about 40–60% lower than today. Cold ocean water and a strengthened summer monsoon after 15 ka may have resulted in the formation of advection fogs, reduced summer temperatures, and a decrease in the seasonal temperature difference in the Tokachi district, which established favorable maritime conditions for Betula forests.  相似文献   

Tidal flushing time of marine fish culture zones in Hong Kong     

毛劲乔  黄子文  李行伟  蔡景华 《中国海洋工程》2011,25(4):625-643

Accurate determination of flushing time is crucial for maintaining sustainable production in fish culture zones(FCZs),as it represents the physical self-purification capability via tidal exchange with clean water in the outer sea.However,owing to the temporal and spatial complexity of the coastal flushing process,existing methods for determining flushing time may not be generally applicable.In this paper,a systematic method for determining the flushing time in FCZs is presented,in which bathymetry,runoff,tidal range and stratification are properly accounted for.We determine the flushing time via numerical tracer experiments,using robust 3D hydrodynamic and mass transport models.For FCZs located in sheltered and land-locked tidal inlets,the system boundary can be naturally defined at the connection with the open sea.For FCZs located in open waters,hydrodynamic tracking is first used to assess the extent of tidal excursion and thus delimit the initial boundary between clean water and polluted water.This general method is applied to all designated marine FCZs in Hong Kong for both the dry and wet seasons,including 20 sheltered FCZs(in semi-enclosed waters of Tolo Harbour,Mirs Bay,and Port Shelter) and 6 FCZs in open waters.Our results show that flushing time is the longest in inner Port Shelter(about 40 days in dry season),and the shortest for the FCZs in open waters(less than one week in dry season).In addition,the flushing time in dry season is commonly longer than that in wet season:20%~40% for most well-sheltered FCZs;2.6~4 times for the others.Our results indicate a positive correlation between the flushing time and distance to open boundary,supporting the view that the flushing time of a FCZ is closely related to its location.This study provides a solid basis for mariculture management such as the determination of carrying capacity of FCZs.  相似文献   

Achieving sub electron noise in CCD systems by means of digital filtering techniques that lower 1/f pixel correlated noise     

Gustavo Indalecio Cancelo  Juan Cruz Estrada  Guillermo Fernandez Moroni  Ken Treptow  Ted Zmuda  H. Thomas Diehl 《Experimental Astronomy》2012,34(1):13-29

Scientific CCDs designed in thick high resistivity silicon (Si) are excellent detectors for astronomy, high energy and nuclear physics, and instrumentation. Many applications can benefit from CCDs ultra low noise readout systems. The present work shows how sub electron noise CCD images can be achieved using digital signal processing techniques. These techniques allow 0.4 electrons of noise at readout bandwidths of up to 10?Kpixels per second while keeping the full CCD spatial resolution and signal dynamic range.  相似文献   

Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy of Baegdusan and Ulleung volcanoes using marine sediments in the Japan Sea/East Sea     

Chungwan Lim  Kazuhiro Toyoda  Ken Ikehara  David W. Peate 《Quaternary Research》2013

Only Ulleung and Baegdusan volcanoes have produced alkaline tephras in the Japan Sea/East Sea during the Quaternary. Little is known about their detailed tephrostratigraphy, except for the U–Oki and B–Tm tephras. Trace element analysis of bulk sediments can be used to identify alkaline cryptotephra because of the large compositional contrast. Five sediment cores spanning the interval between the rhyolitic AT (29.4 ka) and Aso-4 (87 ka) tephras were analyzed using an INAA scanning method. Source volcanoes for the five detected alkaline cryptotephra were identified from major element analyses of hand-picked glass shards: Ulleung (U–Ym, and the newly identified U–Sado), and Baegdusan (B–J, and the newly identified B–Sado and B-Ym). The eruption ages of the U–Ym, U–Sado, B–J, B–Sado, and B–Ym tephras are estimated to be 38 ka, 61 ka, 26 ka, 51 ka, 68–69 ka, and 86 ka, respectively, based on correlations with regional-scale TL (thinly laminated) layer stratigraphy (produced by basin-wide changes in bottom-water oxygen levels in response to millennium-scale paleoclimate variations). This study has allowed construction of an alkaline tephrostratigraphical framework for the late Quaternary linked to global environmental changes in the Japan Sea/East Sea, and improves our knowledge of the eruptive histories of Ulleung and Baegdusan volcanoes.  相似文献   

Hitoshi Sakai (1930–2008)     

Ken Sakai 《Applied Geochemistry》2012

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Patterns of Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus, Intertidal Spawning Habitat Use in Puget Sound, Washington State     

Timothy Quinn  Kirk Krueger  Ken Pierce  Daniel Penttila  Kurt Perry  Tiffany Hicks  Dayv Lowry 《Estuaries and Coasts》2012,35(5):1214-1228

Surf smelt Hypomesus pretiosus are an important part of the Salish Sea food web and obligate beach spawners, yet little is known about the spatiotemporal distribution of spawning and beach characteristics related to spawning success. We counted smelt eggs at 51 sites around Camano Island, Puget Sound, Washington every 2?weeks for 1?year and at 13 of those 51 sites each month in the following year. At each site, we measured beach characteristics hypothesized to affect spawning habitat suitability as measured by egg abundance and mortality. Eggs were collected at 45 sites and pooled by month for analyses. Few sites (N?=?10, 19.6?%) contributed 87?% of total eggs and 89?% of all live eggs collected. Mean total egg counts at sites were higher (p?<?0.019) in Jul?CSep (1,790.7, SE?=?829.5) than in Jan?CMar (26.1, SE?=?10.2). Principal component and regression analyses suggested that aspect, fetch, solar radiation, and beach temperature predicted egg abundance but not mortality. Because a small proportion of sites appear to support most spawning activity, a conclusion consistent with year?2 egg counts, impacts to relatively few beaches could greatly affect surf smelt production.  相似文献   

Variable duration fixed failure rate ambiguity resolution     

Michael Tandy  Ken W. Young 《GPS Solutions》2013,17(1):121-127

In global navigation satellite system ambiguity resolution, it is common to use a configurable acceptance test, like the popular ratio test, to control the failure rate. Work in the literature proposes acceptance tests which let users directly choose an acceptable failure rate, but it focuses on instantaneous and fixed duration ambiguity resolution (where results may be success, failure, or undecided). We present a fixed failure rate acceptance test which avoids undecided results by varying the duration of the ambiguity resolution window. The proposed method uses Monte Carlo simulation with a time-correlated noise model to select acceptance test parameters that will minimize mean ambiguity resolution time while maintaining the target failure rate. Results of real-world experiments with single-frequency data from receivers with patch antennas show with 24 h of stationary data the method produces a mean ambiguity resolution time reduction of 52 % (from 525 to 250 s) compared with a ratio test. In a test with 90 min of kinematic data, the reduction was 33 % (from 620 to 410 s).  相似文献   

First results from the H i Jodrell All Sky Survey: inclination-dependent selection effects in a 21-cm blind survey     

Robert H. Lang  Peter J. Boyce  Virginia A. Kilborn  Robert F. Minchin  Michael J. Disney  Christine A. Jordan  Marco Grossi  Diego A. Garcia  Ken C. Freeman  Steven Phillipps  Alan E. Wright 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,342(3):738-758

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Effects on catchment water balance from the management of Pinus plantations on the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland,Australia     

Ken A. Bubb  James T. Croton 《水文研究》2002,16(1):105-117

A paired catchment study was conducted over a 10‐year period on the hydrology of an exotic Pinus plantation in the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland, Australia. Each catchment was instrumented with a stream monitoring station, tipping bucket rain gauge, and a network of piezometers to monitor the shallow perched water table. After a 6‐year calibration period a harvest treatment was imposed on one catchment (Review): clearfelling approximately 90% of the catchment area, which contained a mature (44‐year‐old) Pinus elliottii plantation. This subsequently was re‐established with a second rotation plantation of a hybrid of P.elliottii × P.caribaea var. hondurensis. The control catchment (Crayfish) contained a P. elliottii plantation similar to that clearfelled at Review. The post‐harvest period was monitored for a further 4 years. Evapotranspiration was found to be the major output flux, with stream flow only a minor component of the study catchments' water budget. Areas with gleyed podzolic soils were found to remain waterlogged for periods up to 7 months following the seasonally high summer rainfall period, with other soils having water logging periods of only a few months. Little change was observed in waterlogging characteristics following harvesting, in contrast to stream flow which increased for 3 years but with evidence of a decline after 5 years. The perched‐watertable piezometric surface indicated that its lateral drainage differs from that of surface flows; the perched‐watertable drainage fluxes from the study catchments seem minor and off‐site movement of solutes (e.g. nutrients and contaminants) via them would be limited. It was identified that the interaction between the perched and deep aquifers was poorly understood, as well as the relative importance of the soil moisture storage of the aquitard clay layer between them. It was concluded that there is a need to undertake more detailed analysis using modelling, and to obtain additional field data on soil‐layer properties and piezometric levels of the deep aquifer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The Railway Atlas of Scotland: Two Hundred Years of History in Maps     

Ken Hollamby 《The Cartographic journal》2017,54(2):190-191

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